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Divine AUSTRIA Queen of Hungary and Bohemia

Maria of Austria Hans Krell

Austria Mary was a woman of high moral character and a very remarkable political and administrative ability, and are widely recognized within the Habsburg family, as the higher intelligence in family. Thanks to her, who was the mediator between his brothers Charles V and Ferdinand, was averted the ruin of the dynasty to keep alive the bond between them. Born in

Coudenberg Palace, Brussels, September 17, 1505. It was the third daughter of the Archduke Philip the Handsome and Joanna of Castile. Was engaged to be married within six months of age with Prince Louis of Hungary and Bohemia when it was not yet born. Her future husband was crowned king with only ten years old. His grandfather, Maximilian sent to Innsbruck, Austria, when he was twelve, to prepare as future Queen of Hungary and Bohemia.

Luis II Jagiello, King of Hungary by Hans Krell

Mary traveled to Hungary three years after the death of Emperor Maximilian. He was anointed and crowned Queen of Hungary Erdödy Simon, bishop of Zagreb, in December 1521. The coronation of the queen was followed by brilliant festivities. Mary and her fiancé fell in love immediately, when they met, as his parents Joan and Philip. She was a girl of seventeen who had a passion for hunting and music. The wedding was held in Buda on January 13, 1522. The anointing and coronation of Mary as Queen Bohemia took place in June. The new sovereign was much loved by his subjects and nobility, a rare thing in those days in the case of a foreign woman.

Mary of Hungary attracted the interest of Martin Luther, who dedicated four psalms in 1526. Despite strong disapproval of his brother Fernando, Luther's teachings had a great appeal to the Queen during her marriage, and even more for his sister Elizabeth and her brother Christian II of Denmark. Mary turned away from his teachings mostly due to pressure from Fernando. It is also considered responsible for the return of Mary Roman Catholic orthodoxy to its priest in court Johann Henckel.

Luis and Maria tried, unsuccessfully, to mobilize the Hungarian nobility against an impending Ottoman invasion. In August 1526, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his army broke through the defenses of southern Hungary. Luis and his entire government came out with a small army of 20,000 men. Ottoman and Hungarian armies clashed in the fields of Mohacs. The battle was over in less than two hours with virtually annihilated the Hungarian army. Louis tried to flee the scene of the battle, but fell off his horse and died drowned in a swamp by the weight of his armor. Mary was widowed and childless twenty-one years of age.

The day after her husband's death, Mary told her brother Fernando defeat and asked him to come to Hungary. Fernando, engaged in Bohemia, where he had been elected king, left his sister as regent of Hungary. In February 1527, she asked permission to resign as regent. The permit was denied and Mary had to stay in office until the summer when his brother finally arrived in Hungary and took the crown. Fernando was married to Ana Jagiello, sister of the dead king. A Hungarian nobleman, Count Juan Szapolyai, had become crown as John I of Hungary, promising loyalty to the Sultan. A massive Ottoman army occupied part of the Hungarian kingdom.

Margarita's aunt suggested that I should marry King James V of Scotland . Mary rejected the idea because he had loved her husband and did not want another marriage. In 1530, Carlos again suggested they should get married again and proposed Bavarian had unsuccessfully courted the eldest sister, Eleanor of Austria. Mary also rejected. After the death of Margaret of Austria in 1530, the governor of the Netherlands is vacant. The emperor decided to give that position to his sister Mary, who assumes guardianship of her nieces Dorothy and Christina of Denmark, daughter of his late sister Elizabeth. Two years after falling into a serious depression. Unable to cope with the death of her husband, who was deeply in love, is subjected to massive pressure.

be organized in 1532 shipments of men and money orders from the Emperor to meet Suleiman's offensive on Vienna, which brings with it the revolt of Brussels. And a few months, triggering a collective tragedy of marking time, a tremendous time befalls the Netherlands Netherlands. Most of Friesland, Holland and Zealand is under water. The fury of the sea swept away the levees and drag people, animals and belongings. The devastation is widespread. And Mary bows to so many adverse circumstances. Suddenly misses her beloved husband and everything is coming.

Carlos V of Germany and I of Spain by Pantoja de la Cruz

Following those events, Maria of Austria would fall into a state of prostration very similar to that suffered by his mother, so that one of the henchmen of the Emperor, Antoine de Croy, alarm to warn him Carlos V. The queen did nothing to heal, would not listen to doctors, not taking their medicines and their state of prostration was becoming larger. So that something must be done, and soon. And Carlos took it into account. Your letters of encouragement started arriving in Brussels. Downloaded to pressure his sister who was suffering and he sent one of his close friends, Charles de Poupet, Monsieur Chaulx to make clear to Mary that he wished fervently healing.

And it worked. Mary was recovered, leaving his prostration, becoming the most effective and loyal contributor to the Emperor in northern Europe. During the lasted twenty-four years his government in the Netherlands, these states have experienced a prosperity and peace that had not had in centuries. In 1548, the absence of his brother Carlos and his son Philip, also responsible for the regency of the Crown of Spain for two years.

Mary Tudor

In 1550 there were rumors that the English princess Mary Tudor , raw Queen of Hungary, would be arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London over its refusal to comply with the laws of the kingdom. It was feared that were accused of high treason and sentenced to death. From Flanders, under directions of the regent Mary of Austria and with the permission of Carlos V, hatched a plan to get from England to the princess and threatened her to safety in the territory of the Habsburgs. A change in imperial ambassadors and the subsequent arrival of a Flemish fleet to take and bring the two officials, it served to seek escape from the Tudor Princess. The indecisiveness of this, if however, the precise moment that he should leave his residence incognito to board the waiting fleet, foiled the plot. Close monitoring to put all their activities made it impossible to wait longer, if you wanted to avoid raising the suspicions of the government.

In the spring of 1551, Maria de Austria, notable art collector, he would send his English cousin, and turned into the Queen Mary I of England, a superb portrait of his nephew, Prince Philip, then a young gallant, handsome painted by Titian. It sent him on condition that he return later: (...) It is dead matter, when she is the living model in his presence, and not need it. It seems the Queen of England was shocked to behold, and that after receiving the portrait, Mary Tudor confessed that he was "half in love with him," and that it was harder to overcome the resistance of the Council and the people.

The abdication of Charles V and Louis Gallait

After the abdication of his brother and his retirement in 1555 Yuste, Maria of Austria decided to leave office governor of the Netherlands, but his nephew Philip II is to stop them. Finally, under pressure from his father, the new king decided to leave it free of its obligations, and she may leave for Spain next to his brothers Carlos and Leonor. The successive deaths of Leonor in February 1558 and of Charles V in September of that year, resulted in Mary a deep melancholy and thus their health declined. To encourage her, and because the urgently-needed convinces Philip to return to the Netherlands and take over the government again. Too weak to even make the trip, Mary however accept the request of his nephew, but his heart, weakened by years of toil and work, he plays a trick. He died in the city of Cigales, October 18, 1558, just weeks after his brother Carlos V.

relationship Mary of Austria with music never not subsided from his earliest lessons to learn to play keyboard instruments with Bredemers, through the love of music she shared with her Hungarian husband (who played the lute), to its role in recruiting for the chapels flamenco musicians of his brothers Charles and Ferdinand in Spain and Austria, the music was a constant in his life. After his death, his music books passed to his niece Juana of Austria, and after she died in 1571, his nephew Philip II.


Sources: Yolanda
Scheuber, Mary of Habsburg, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia. 2011 Editions Nowtilus
http://www.nowtilus.com/descargas/DossierdeprensaMaradeHabsburgo.pdf Http://www.nowtilus.com/pags.php?d=O59O1332&bsi=0&bso=1

María Jesús Pérez Martín, Mary Tudor, Queen The great unknown. Ediciones Rialp SA 2008
Manuel Fernandez Alvarez, Juana la loca , the captive of Tordesillas. Espasa Calpe SA 2000
María José Rubio, Queen of Spain, The Habsburg. The Sphere Books Ltd. 2010
http://www.granadafestival.org/fileadmin/2010/Notas_al_programa/02-2_Ensemble_Plus_Ultra_II_Notas.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Austria, _Queen_of_Hungary

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Isabel of Castile and her suitors (II and last)

happened to Juan II of Aragon, so beset by rebellions of his subjects, felt it necessary to secure its international position by the marriage of his son Ferdinand with the Castilian princess. And it got so hard that even showered favors the closest advisers of Elizabeth, and Cárdenas Chacón. Sent the best diplomat who was then his service, Pierres de Peralta, whose role was decisive. The talks were secret because Fernando was betrothed to the daughter of the Marquis de Villena, Beatriz Pacheco.

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The Urban Spaceman says: "The ... Grapevine is Drunk!": Artwork painted 'live' in a show of SUMO in 'Einstein' on perspex.

The Urban Spaceman says: "The ... Grapevine is Drunk!": Artwork painted 'live' in a show of SUMO in 'Einstein' on perspex.

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Thursday, February 24, 2011

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In a new rock'n'ball summit, a group of supporters at Los Andes, led by lomense artist Christian Rodriguez honored Sumo Luca Prodan and a mural in which the phrase "SUMO on 20/12/1987 Gallardón" leads a double logo: the bare Luca and Milrayitas shield. Is that this date and there (the stadium CALA) did the last show of Sumo. There was a little less than 500 persons and, as ever recalled Ricardo Mollo, Luca had said something like "Fuck you touch it again (and we had already done), this is the last." Two days later, died in his room Luca Alsina 451, where today there is a bar-museum.

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Isabel of Castile and her suitors (I)

Early treatment of marriage for Isabel took place very early in life, and were made to marry the prince Fernando de Aragón. But those deals fell apart almost immediately, due to the lack of sympathy for Henry IV of Castile by the House of Aragon. Especially when King John of Navarre, father of Fernando, inherited the crown of Aragon. The Castilian monarch preferred to negotiate the marriage of his sister Prince Carlos de Viana, Fernando older brother, whose interests and character of King Henry liked.

This prince, quite higher than Isabel, was a very cultured and polite. Came to speak five languages \u200b\u200bcorrectly. He was very fond of animals - of which came to have a real zoo where he had to camels and lions, music - he composed himself playing instruments including the vihuela and harp, and literature. It was also very fond of painting himself and liked to paint. He had been married to Princess Agnes of Cleves, who died very young, without having had an heir.

Appointed King of Navarre against the will of his ambitious father, who was forced to vacate the throne to take Aragon, remained a constant struggle against him, motivated by the desire to dominate it. All of this was pleasing to the Castilian king. Isabel, she still showed no interest or disappointment. The opposition of John II of Aragon prevented the marriage. The unfortunate prince of Viana died in 1461 in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bwhere he accompanied the popular fervor. Was suspected been poisoned by order of his stepmother. The tuberculous pleurisy might be cause of his death.

Dead Prince of Viana, his brother Fernando was sworn Crown of Aragon. At that time had ten years of age. Isabel, at that time was eleven. Shortly after trading began to marry the princess with Alfonso V of Portugal, called "The African" by his success on that continent. This king was also widowed but still relatively young. In 1464, the Portuguese king had traveled to Guadalupe to celebrate a ninth. To mark the journey of the monarch, the royal family met him and there he met Elizabeth, who was thirteen. Her beauty, enhanced by the freshness of her complexion and the pride of his bearing, it pleased the suitor. With a bit of malice Menéndez Pidal remember that Queen Juana had long sought to link his brother King Isabel Portuguese:

fixed was thought that Queen Juana, who always wanted to inculcate in the mind of Isabel when she had it in his court, was the thought of Beltran de la Cueva, he proposed visits Gibraltar. Tended this link to be taken out of Castile Isabella to make way for the girl Jane, sworn heir.

Isabel showed no appreciation for the wedding and said boldly that to arrange one had to first consult the Castile. He well knew that his brother Henry was playing with his back to the Council and even without talking to your ex applies the Marquis of Villena, which then opposed the project. The princess was extremely clever, despite his young age. It was his first "no", perfectly clear, based on a policy and especially to a man, but also an obstacle to their way to the throne of Castile.

Isabel felt a blow in anger and horror when he learned that King Henry wanted given in marriage to the brother of the Marquis de Villena, Pedro Giron, who was Master of the Order of Calatrava. He was one of the magnates who had stirred up over the kingdom against Henry IV, raising half Andalusia in favor of Prince Alfonso, but the possibility of marrying the princess, which added the lure of entering the order of succession to the Crown Castilla, surrendered with all his strength to the side of the king of Rome got a dispensation from the vow of chastity he had done as Master of the Order of Calatrava and started from the town of Almagro to consummate that marriage desired uneven, both in age range as he past forty and Isabel was not yet fifteen.

Elizabeth was beside herself. Paled with anger and despair. This time there was no subterfuge, because it was an act of force which is intended to undertake the Master of Calatrava, Isabel willing to steal the "yes" to the altar or a signature on paper, or perhaps dishonor him by force. I had nowhere to flee. If left in the domains of Henry IV, could not expect mercy, and if he could escape to the hosts of his brother Alfonso, was there with the Marquis de Villena, brother of Pedro Giron, and probably was in cahoots with him. To alienate Alfonso de Villena meant the ruin of the young. Isabel did not want to ask both her brother, she lived for his cause. He had never felt so helpless.

The master he had three thousand lances and was announcing his wedding which he passed. Isabel's friend, Beatriz de Bobadilla, tried in vain to comfort her. Finally she showed him a dagger out of his lap, which was ready to kill the master if you try to embrace Isabel. This did not ease much to the princess. Fasted on bread and water every day and spent nights in prayer. Galindez de Carvajal in Henry IV Chronicle account: The princess spent a day and a night without food or sleep, start devout contemplation, humbly beseeching the Lord that it pleased Hazer one of two things, either kill it or the master, that this marriage will not effect uviese . The master was traveling slowly because of coming ill, managed to reach Villarrubia de los Ojos and a few days died.

master is said that he regretted that his death had been delayed until after the wedding with Elizabeth. Before his death divided among some of his servants, many of the treasures that he had with him and left the care of their children and the administration of his property to his brother Juan Pacheco. There were suspicions that he had been poisoned by some great envy at that high marriage. You never know if a hand helped save the helpless princess with the use of poison, unless the remains of Pigs to be analyzed. Manuel Fernandez Alvarez says that the most likely to be seized with a bad saw sudden, perhaps an outbreak of pestilence, which left him out of action.

Sources:
Isabel La Católica. Urbión Ediciones SA 1983
Manuel Fernandez Alvarez, Isabel La Católica . Espasa Calpe SA, 2006
Teresa Martialay, Elizabeth I. Homo Legens 2009
Luis Suarez, Isabel I, Reina. Editorial Ariel, SA 2000 and 2005
http://www.gorgas.gob.pa/museoafc/loscriminales/magnicidios/carlos% 20principe% 20viana.html

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ALEXANDRA David-Neel

Alexandra David-Neel was first Western woman to visit Lhasa, the forbidden capital of Tibet, disguised as a beggar walking and Tibetan. He wrote over thirty books on Eastern religions, philosophy and travel. Born in Paris in 1868, before the twenty already had on your resume with a book by anarchist ideology, a bike trip to Spain, Italy and Switzerland and studied at the Theosophical Society with Madame Blavatsky. It is said he came to join Masonry. At twenty she had traveled to India and Tunisia. In this country, studied the Koran and lived as a Muslim.

had studied music and singing, good voice and allowed him to debut as an opera diva in Hanoi, sponsored by the composer Massenet. In Tunisia, met the railroad engineer Philippe Néel , with whom she married in 1904. But she was not made for marriage and seven years later, when he was forty-three, he packed his bags, left the engineer and started planting bound for Egypt, and thence to Ceylon, India, Sikkim, Nepal and Tibet. In 1912, in Kalimpong, becomes the first Western woman to be received by the Dalai Lama.


In India, he met Aphur Yongden , Tibetan girl of fourteen who give up everything to follow and that will become his adopted son. For two years living in the Himalayas with Buddhist monks and then run through Japan, Korea and China. Two years living in the monastery Dum Kum Chinese, studying Buddhist manuscripts. The monks consider a sister and call lamp of wisdom, being acknowledged even in secret ceremonies, something unthinkable for a woman, much less Western.

But Alexandra is a challenge that remains: in his previous stay in Tibet could not come to the capital, Lhasa, the Forbidden City. Decides to undertake the adventure again in 1921 partly Yongden, three servants and seven mules. The journey is dangerous because of bandits, the grueling weather and difficult terrain with mountain passes of 5,000 m above sea level. To make matters worse, Chinese officials and Tibetans are dedicated to hinder travel. All events of this expedition the Alexandra David-Neel tells in his "Journey to Lhasa." Finally, after three years, disguised as a Tibetan beggar woman, with dyed hair and his face darkened with grease and soot, comes to the Forbidden City. Only his godson Yongden has been by her side.


Alexandra spent two months in Lhasa and then returned to Paris, finding that it has become a celebrity. The Americans named it " women on the roof of the world." The cover of honors. Ask articles, books, conferences. And everywhere triumphant. At his side is always accompanied by Yongden who, for some, is a local curiosity. Alexandra writes books that are total successes at the time: "Travel", "Mystics and Magicians in Tibet", "Initiations lamas," "The Lama the five wisdoms ", etc.

But success is a few years. Others have also entered Lhasa, it only takes away the merit of being the first. back to China, but there they faced nationalist Communists and China threatens Japan's expansionist policy. On his impressions of China writes "Magic of love and black magic." Off on Beijing, a few days is invaded by the Japanese. At sixty nine, Alexandra is a fugitive in the most dreadful shadow of war. It goes through the most unimaginable calamities, but feels young. "Never I was afraid, I say to heart, " declared in his writings.


In early 1938, Alexandra and fleeing back Yongden the Yangtze River aboard a steamer. After crossing rivers and mountain streams foot reaches Tatsienlu, capital of Sikang. Alexandra is seventy years.'s trip flight lasted sixteen months. For six years, amid a fortnight of foreigners, Alexandra and Yongden await the end of hostilities, living both in a small abandoned chapel. On September 8, 1939, they learn that war has broken out in Europe. This makes you feel depressed, tired. On arrival at Asia weighed 80 kilos, now weighs only 50.

On July 27, 1945, finally arriving by plane to India and thence to Europe. Finally, he settled with Yongden on his farm in France, where he continues to write a rich literary, is always about your trip and discovered that in them. Yongden died in 1955. In 1969, the eve of its one hundred and one years and shortly before his death, Alexandra goes to the municipal offices to renew their passport "because you never know." In 1973, Alexandra and Yongden ashes were thrown into the waters of the Ganges.


Sources:
http://www.viajeros.com/articulos/alexandra-david-neel-la-caminante-espiritual Http://www.librosbudistas.com/autores/index.asp?autor=NEEL

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The Crucible

Fleeing religious persecution in England, a group of Puritans sailed aboard the Mayflower toward the coast of what is now the United States of America. The ship was carrying one hundred and two people, excluding crew, to the new location. They were the first settlers, called "Pilgrim Fathers", to settle in the Massachusetts coast, forming the colony of Plymouth in 1620. Seventy-two years later, he lived a stream of mass hysteria in a small community called Salem, which resulted in the arrest of over one hundred and fifty people or two hundred, accused of practicing witchcraft and the execution of 13 women and 7 men on the gallows.

Within the small community of Salem was a strict religious behavior, in which each person watched their neighbors and in turn was controlled by them in their words and actions, creating doubts and suspicions if their conduct does not comply with Puritan religious standards. Women were considered as individuals designated to serve their husbands, and have no greater rights, while the children were intended to educate severely early on in the work of adults rather than just play. Another major concern of this community was to avoid the "wrath of God" and therefore adhere strictly to the religious dictates of Puritanism to avoid divine punishment which resulted in crop failure, bad weather and death of livestock.


The events began in the parsonage where the family lived the Rev. Samuel Parris. At Your Service was a slave from the West Indies called Tituba, who spoke their language Antillean and West Indian religious rites practiced, probably the voodoo practices incomprehensible to the people of this community. The slave was responsible for the care of Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. nine years, and her cousin Abigail Williams, of eleven. Tituba would entertain the girls with stories of their ancestral land and claimed that he could read the future through various Mancia. Just

beginning of spring, the girls began to behave strangely. As soon broke to mourn for no apparent reason, ensuring that they were being bitten by invisible beings, and toured the house on all fours and barking like a dog. At other times they were paralyzed and mute, or throwing strange guttural cries. Soon after, one of her friends, Anne Putman , twelve years old, said he had been attacked by an evil witch. When the doctor in the city found no explanation for such strange behaviors, attributed the phenomenon to a possible demonic possession.


Frightened by the commotion caused the girls were quick to accuse Tituba, ensuring that they were forced to eat a cake base bewitched child urine and rye flour. They further insisted that it was preparing with the complicity of Sarah Good, a homeless man who was dressed male and smoking a pipe, something unacceptable to the Puritans, and Sarah Osborne, a woman living free with a farmer and, soon after his arrest, died in prison. Tituba said, under threat of torture, she was one of the many witches who lived in Salem and that its secrets were due to the book that gave him a strange man he had met in Boston. His remarks opened the season and began a real witch hunt. Salem

and seemed transformed the once peaceful community that old hatreds surfaced quickly resulted in complaints and accusations. For example, Anne Putman and her mother accused an elderly woman living alone and away from the town, while another woman, who refused to attend religious functions, was accused by her neighbor had poisoned the water of the trough where they drank their oxen. Over one hundred and fifty people were arrested and imprisoned and, in early May 1693 began to conduct trials. The judges themselves were tainted by religious hysteria of the Salem community, frantically demanding sentences to suspected witches. Up to a total of thirteen women, who simply live a life different from their neighbors or have dealt with them on occasion, died on the gallows from 10 June to 22 September 1693.


But they were also victims of ignorance and fanaticism, men like the Rev. George Burroughs, the forerunner of Parris in the parish, the chief accused of being witches and hanged on August 19, 1693. Also identified a sea captain named John Alden as responsible for the famous book that said possession Tituba. With him were five other people hanged in Salem. Another old man, who refused to testify, was stoned. Tituba was saved by the mere fact of becoming an informer on his neighbors, but after the executions was sold by Parris.

Years later, jurors asked for forgiveness after signing a public confession in which they declared to have acted forced by circumstances. For its part, the state governor pardoned the suspects who were still in prison and executed exonerated of charges that had led to the conviction. But, what resulted the girls' strange behavior? Do poisoning caused by ingestion of a toxin that contaminates rye and can cause hallucinations?.


Sources: María Pilar Queralt
iron Passionate Women's Lives . 2010 The Sphere Books Ltd.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicios_de_Salem
http://funversion.universia.es/curiosidades/xfiles/brujas.jsp

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MICAELA CATALINA DE AUSTRIA (II and last)

by Pantoja de La Cruz

Arriving Savoy Catherine wrote her first letter to his father, in which he announced that the crossing was fast and secure and apologizes for the incident of the pearls, to which Philip replied apologetically. In his eleven years of life at the court of Turin until his death, received more than hundred and thirty-three letters from his father. Dazzled by the beauty of Italy, is set to describe his English relatives and mountain landscapes of Piedmont. Lured by the snowy peaks of the Alps like a magnet, far from merely contemplate, decide to scale them, becoming a sort of "protoalpinista."

Meanwhile, the Duke, hardworking and ambitious, enriches your hometown court, making it a true European capital. Carlos Manuel was very attracted by Turin and spent much effort and money to this city, which gave a magnificent Baroque air according to the triumph of the Catholic Counter Reformation in their states. His two passions were two buildings architectural outside Turin: Miraflores Palace - famous for its splendid gardens and favorite residence of the Duchess, which she supervises renovation work directly-and Vico's Basilica, designed by the famous architect Vitozzi Rome.

To distract his wife organizes parties and plays, and introduces talented artists, creators would soon enjoy sponsorship of the ducal family. While Catalina feels liberated from certain bonds of the court, his new subjects appear to be influenced by changes imposed by the English traditions of the courtiers who have accompanied Savoy. Their rigid principles influence the women of the nobility of Turin, both in regard to personal "style" as in the decoration of their property.

Catherine becomes pregnant almost immediately after the wedding, so you must put a stop to your walks. The birth of her first child in April 1586, goes crazy with joy to Philip II: "... I'm alegrísimo of this and also To be born and you have given me the first grandchild I've had, but in exchange you that ye very good, very patiently took out granddaughter ... but you still good, as I hope, very well is to be grandson .... " And this grandson would be the first of ten children born to the couple relentlessly ducal. The English monarch will be aware of everything, giving advice to Catherine as she gave birth lying on the bed instead of sitting in a special chair for delivery - horseshoe-shaped chair on which sat a woman on the verge of giving light-and the best time to wean. Felipe will be a very attentive grandfather everything about the growth of their grandchildren.

Possible portrait of Catalina Micaela by Sofonisba Anguissola

The Duchess was warned by his father what was his role in the court of Turin: always check your husband to faithfully follow the King's policy in Italy. Felipe put beside a man of extreme confidence, Baron Sfondrato, with the rank of chief steward. In principle, should take care of your health and home expenses, but also to remind the duchess the outlines of Philippine politics. A vigilance task, and even espionage, which could not have pleased the Duke, with the ensuing conflict. Catalina then also had to intervene: avenir her husband with the representative of his father. Is right in that no easy task, with great satisfaction Felipe.

However, nothing gets Catalina as to prevent the series of military adventures that gets the duke, with the subsequent criticisms of the king in his letters to his daughter: "... I never thought the Duke would take a decision so big without me first hand della .... " The monarch hoped to appease the Duchess to her husband, but it was not easy to control the duke, always so bellicose, and their vagaries of fortune, who, looking for the win, did not hesitate to make concessions in matters of religion. Became increasingly clear that Catalina Micaela was unable to fulfill the mission assigned to him and his influence on the "autonomous" Duke was invalid. Both the Duke as she acted in Rome abusing the trust regia and against the instructions given there was Felipe. King complains to his daughter: "I tell you that the Duke and at home you use my authority Rome without my order and even against with my ministers. I do not want to believe and less than you ... If something has been, amend it so that no more ... oya me. "

While Duke is in the front, Catherine is responsible for the administration of the duchy, the president of the courts and the conduct of ministers. The duchess came to give evidence of political talent and capacity for public affairs. On December 7, 1597 will die to give birth to a girl, not survive. He left her ten young children motherless. The penalty for the permanent absence of this young woman of thirty, beautiful, intelligent, lively and full of vitality, it will be so devastating to her father to her husband. Carlos Manuel, broken pain, will retire from the world for three months.

Felipe II received the news of the death of his daughter with desolation. Is enclosed with Isabel Clara Eugenia and the crown prince in his chamber for three hours. Then orders that funeral mass in the chapel of El Escorial. The ceremony will be presided by the Prince of Asturias, will follow the princess and the king from the king's bedchamber. One of his contemporaries described the condition in which the king was the disappearance of Catalina Micaela "I cut off half of what remained of life or death of children or women, or loss of armed or felt anything like this, nor had never seen before complaining. " kingdom All theaters closed in mourning. As luck would have in 1870, a direct descendant of his, Amadeo I of Savoy, occupy the throne of Spain for election of the Parliament.

Sources:
Catherine of Habsburg, The Austrias. The Sphere Books Ltd. 2006
Manuel Fernandez Alvarez, Felipe II and his time. Editorial Espasa Calpe SA 2006
Juan Balansó, The jewelry exported. Plaza & Janes Editores SA 1999
http://books.google.es/books?id=h9x8AamdWAgC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=palacio+de+miraflores, + turin & source = bl & ots = c2j5j0zsxV & sig = JtRE_31x1lPJjV3C7gyRaIFZkbI & hl = en & ei = Bd1eTezxD9S0hAeu86WcDQ & sa = X & oi = book_result & ct = result & resnum = 5 & ved = 0CDYQ6AEwBA # v = onepage & q & f = false

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MICAELA CATALINA DE AUSTRIA (I)

Catalina Micaela of Austria Sofonisba Anguissola

born in 1567 in the Alcazar of Madrid another princess called Catherine , by his grandmother Queen Catherine of Medicis, and Micaela, his mother's devotion to the archangel who served this time of celestial intermediary. The king had remained with his wife during the birth process, but this time expressed his disappointment that it was another girl. This time not even stay for the christening and went to Aranjuez. Not suspected at this time the new Infanta would be one of the apple of his eye. The two daughters of Philip II and Elizabeth of Valois grew up together and were always best friends in the world. The death of the queen, a year after the birth of her second child, giving birth to a third - that just-left orphaned encouraged mother to infant, the care of his father, who drank the wind for them.

Two years later, Philip remarried to the Archduchess Anna of Austria, which would give several children but only one survived, the future Felipe III. The two girls were in her stepmother to a dear friend who loved and were loved dearly. The last ten years the king's marriage with the kindly Ana will be the most beautiful child of Catalina. And when the queen dies way of Portugal, the two princesses will be a great comfort to her father.

Isabel Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela by Sanchez Coello

In 1583 the Savoy ambassador showed up one day at El Escorial with an urgent message for the king. His master, Duke Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, called the hand of Princess Catalina. That afternoon, while the king is with his daughters, whom he calls "the light of my eyes " , excited, but downplaying, passes the duke's letter to Catherine, saying " Read this letter. " Infanta, curious to know the author, opens the envelope and, to see the signature of the Duke of Savoy, the returns quickly. Flushed, turn your face to see that nobody has to mourn. That same night, to make public the news of the engagement of her youngest daughter, Felipe offers a feast to celebrate the event. Catherine is said to have said little that night.

On March 10, 1585, the Duke of Savoy with his bodyguard set foot in the city of Zaragoza, where he has his marriage to Princess Catherine. The king presented to his future son to greet you on behalf of the villa. Next to each other, riding two magnificent horses, make their entry into the citadel. The next morning, at ten pm in a ceremony at the cathedral by Cardinal Granvelle and other dignitaries of the Church, the duke and the princess exchange their vows. Many people have traveled miles to see the daughter of their king so much that "The roof almost fell from the weight of the people."

Carlos Manuel I of Savoy

The falconers of the sovereign, green with gray sleeves, carrying birds of prey in their arms, receive the guests. In the black bib Felipe highlights the Golden Fleece is followed by ambassadors and grandees in the habit of cutting, the bourgeoisie and the judges in scarlet. The arrival of the couple raised a murmur of admiration. The Infanta Catalina takes a huge cherry dress embroidered with gold and precious stones, pearls inherited from her mother serve as outstanding. The Duke is wearing a yellow robe embroidered with pearls and diamonds as buttons. The feast lasts until ten at night. Then the young wife will retire to his chamber and the door be postmarked by the Duke bit later. The next day there was silence throughout the palace all day until evening and, later, it started raining.

rained for several days, which did not stop organizing hunts and dances to celebrate the event. The young couple lived in a whirlwind of celebrations, as the tournament hosted by the Duke of Medina, which ended around two in the morning. Later that month, in the great hall of the Council reserved for ambassadors and dignitaries, gave the Golden Fleece to the Duke of Savoy before the whole court.

April 2 the procession heads to Barcelona. The rain keeps falling, like, little by little, will the disease on the train. The Duke of Savoy falls into bed, then the Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia suffered a severe attack of fever, vomiting and Prince Philip, the king, a crisis exacerbated by the humidity drop. Pandemic similar to the decision to go in Barcelona without following the usual protocol. But the people and the dignitaries of Barcelona considered the move as an affront.

On June 13, 1585 the fleet was preparing to cast off. The port is barely enough to accommodate ships of Admiral Doria, which protect the Dukes of Savoy during the long journey, are such that some have had to anchor offshore. Catherine King offers a tray full of pearls that she refuses, choosing only three and said that these were sufficient for a duchess, she was reproaching, and it hurt, the parental decision. The boat captain the time has come to say goodbye. In the cabin, Isabel Clara Eugenia and King contain his excitement. Suddenly, Catherine suffered a dizzy spell. A force more powerful than his pride dominates and clings desperately to her older sister, and finally ends up throwing herself into the arms of his father while he burst into tears.

Felipe II

When separated from Catherine, the King did not get the words out - "the Duke of you or I could not say goodbye as I would not say some things I thought" - so went to the tower of a nearby church to see last away the galley to that daughter had wanted so much to Italy. Discouraged check that nothing is: "looked heavy weather, but you were not already in the Gulf." So he set out to write their innermost thoughts in a letter sent to an email, along with another of Isabel Clara Eugenia, ordering it reached the galley of the Infanta in Roses: "by much leave me alone with that much care has gone you know how after that he embarked ...." To his dismay, the mail could not reach to the galley and brought back the letters.


Sources:
Catherine of Habsburg, The Austrias. The Sphere Books Ltd. 2006
Juan Balansó, The jewelry exported. Plaza & Janes Editores SA 1999
Geoffrey Parker, Philip II . Editorial Planeta SA 2010

What To Write In Welcome Letter Wedding

CAMILA O 'GORMAN

starred Camila O'Gorman a tragic love story set in Argentina during the first half of the nineteenth century. Love with her parish priest, fled with him to take refuge in the province of Corrientes. She was sentenced to death and shot while pregnant. His execution was an international scandal that contributed to the political downfall of Juan Manuel de Rosas. This girl, she was only twenty when she was murdered, was born in Buenos Aires and belonged to an upper class family composed of father, ex-Irish origin, the mother, Buenos Aires of ancient lineage, and six children, among them Camila distinguished.

said that she was "very beautiful face and body, very light, funny and clever as he played the piano and sang enraptured to hear that. " had a great personality, perhaps inherited from his famous and beautiful grandmother Anita Perichon, lover of the viceroy Liniers. Like most women of that era, Camila was very devout. I went to church regularly and was very fond of the new priest's sermons. Sometimes he went to visit his home. Slowly became friends and began to meet on trips around Palermo.


He Ladislao Gutierrez, described as "A young, curly black hair, dark complexion and look alive, mild-mannered and a nice set" "wise and full of skills," had arrived a few years earlier from Tucumán to pursue a career in Buenos Church Aires. Ordained priest at twenty-four, was appointed pastor at the church of Socorro. Soon he noticed the tall girl, with brown hair and expressive dark eyes, elegant and graceful gait. He did not wait long for it to be present: the sister of Edward O'Gorman, priestly running mate. Camila

began to feel something completely new and unknown. Increased talks and walks. She had many questions about religion and he was clear, although theirs were growing as the days passed. When they found it impossible to ignore to themselves that they wanted, he reassured convincing them that this was not a crime. Recognized have been wrong to follow the priesthood, but felt that, given the circumstances, their votes were invalid. And if society did not allow the wife to the world, would make his own before God.

Camila
be persuaded. I could not imagine life without him, but neither was willing to be "the mistress of cure. "began to conceive the idea of \u200b\u200bescape from Buenos Aires and change of identity to live married before God and men. They were gradually shaping the plan, would take some clothes, which could gather silver and two horses . They would go to Lujan of Santa Fe there would a final destination, if all was well, it would be Rio de Janeiro. By moving to Santa Fe pretend to have lost passports and other false names would ask. On December 12, 1847 was the day chosen for the flight. When you get to Lujan, in a booth that had provided the waiter and under the glittering night of stars, the fans had their moment of happiness.

After ten days, the father the girl reported the incident to the Governor Rosas "the most egregious act and never heard in the country," Medrano while the bishop asked the governor to " anywhere you find them these miserable, wretched, miserable, are apprehended and brought to that proceeding in justice, be reprimanded for such an enormous and scandalous proceedings. "


Luck seemed to smile at love. And in Paraná, in February 1848, obtained a passport in the name of Maximus Brandy merchant, born in Jujuy, and his wife, Valentina Desan. In reaching its new identity Goya could take a break and prepare for the final stage: Brazil. Meanwhile, to make a living opened a school for children, the first that existed in this small town. Four months could live in relative happiness, forgetting the persecution they were subjected. A priest, passing through the village, Gutierrez recognized and reported him. As the news Rosas gave orders that would lead to love in two separate cars to Holy Places, which was the most feared prison regime.

With growing anxiety, the lovers saw closed the doors of their prisons. Were cut off between them and the rest of the world. It is believed that Camilla wrote to the governor's daughter, Manuelita Rosas, because there is a second letter, dated August 9, Palermo, in which he says he interceded with his father and recommends strength. Camila said frankly that the story of her affair with Gutierrez dating back much earlier date for his flight, he had no vocation and his marriage had been before God. That he had made vows to heart and, therefore, was false and was not a priest. That the intention of the two was going to Rio de Janeiro, but they had not been effected by lack of resources. Said they were not repentant, but "satisfied in the eyes of Providence" and not considered criminal behavior "to be its conscience."


Gutierrez also had exposure and both were taken by a click to the governor. Almost dawn when he awoke to all the thunder of horses' hooves, shouting and violent blows to the gate. So was the governor's men had announced their arrival. Rosas ordered the immediate execution of prisoners without giving effect to any appeal or defense. Gave them only a few moments to confess and prepare to die. Marcelino Reyes was then decided to send an urgent release announcing the pregnancy status of the girl, endorsed by the prison doctor. At the same time sent a letter to Manuelita explaining the urgency of the situation. Horses came bursting click to Palermo and delivered the dispatches to the officer on duty. But the letter never reached Manuelita. The governor could not accept that there is a living testimony of disobedience, a child who had represented for many the triumph of love over the established order.

On the morning of August 18, 1848, sat each on a chair by four men charged through two long sticks. Like all prisoners, blindfolded and escorted by the band of the battalion, were taken to the courtyard surrounded by walls. Under the scarf, eyes Camila Two-wire bypassed tears, despite the self-control expressed in an unchanging face, could not avoid. While the soldiers tied them to the bench nervously, Camila and Gutierrez could talk and say goodbye, until the latter started to shout "Asesínenme to me without trial, but not her, and in this miserable state .. .! ".


His words were silenced by Captain Gordon, who commanded step drums and made the sign of fire. Four bullets ended his life. Then we heard three volleys and Camilla, wounded, stirred violently. His body fell off the bench and a hand was pointing to the sky. "... in the vicinity was the terror of his cry excruciating, painful and heartbreaking ...". This love story of innocent victims of political interests would eventually become the most unforgivable incident of the government of Rosas.

Camila's remains rest in the Recoleta Cemetery in the vault of O'Gorman. His story was brought to the screen twice. The first movie was filmed in 1910 and is entitled "Camila O'Gorman" and the second in 1984, "Camila" directed by Maria Luisa Bemberg. She was nominated for an Oscar for best foreign film.

Sources:
http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=674022
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_O 'Gorman