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The Crucible

Fleeing religious persecution in England, a group of Puritans sailed aboard the Mayflower toward the coast of what is now the United States of America. The ship was carrying one hundred and two people, excluding crew, to the new location. They were the first settlers, called "Pilgrim Fathers", to settle in the Massachusetts coast, forming the colony of Plymouth in 1620. Seventy-two years later, he lived a stream of mass hysteria in a small community called Salem, which resulted in the arrest of over one hundred and fifty people or two hundred, accused of practicing witchcraft and the execution of 13 women and 7 men on the gallows.

Within the small community of Salem was a strict religious behavior, in which each person watched their neighbors and in turn was controlled by them in their words and actions, creating doubts and suspicions if their conduct does not comply with Puritan religious standards. Women were considered as individuals designated to serve their husbands, and have no greater rights, while the children were intended to educate severely early on in the work of adults rather than just play. Another major concern of this community was to avoid the "wrath of God" and therefore adhere strictly to the religious dictates of Puritanism to avoid divine punishment which resulted in crop failure, bad weather and death of livestock.


The events began in the parsonage where the family lived the Rev. Samuel Parris. At Your Service was a slave from the West Indies called Tituba, who spoke their language Antillean and West Indian religious rites practiced, probably the voodoo practices incomprehensible to the people of this community. The slave was responsible for the care of Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. nine years, and her cousin Abigail Williams, of eleven. Tituba would entertain the girls with stories of their ancestral land and claimed that he could read the future through various Mancia. Just

beginning of spring, the girls began to behave strangely. As soon broke to mourn for no apparent reason, ensuring that they were being bitten by invisible beings, and toured the house on all fours and barking like a dog. At other times they were paralyzed and mute, or throwing strange guttural cries. Soon after, one of her friends, Anne Putman , twelve years old, said he had been attacked by an evil witch. When the doctor in the city found no explanation for such strange behaviors, attributed the phenomenon to a possible demonic possession.


Frightened by the commotion caused the girls were quick to accuse Tituba, ensuring that they were forced to eat a cake base bewitched child urine and rye flour. They further insisted that it was preparing with the complicity of Sarah Good, a homeless man who was dressed male and smoking a pipe, something unacceptable to the Puritans, and Sarah Osborne, a woman living free with a farmer and, soon after his arrest, died in prison. Tituba said, under threat of torture, she was one of the many witches who lived in Salem and that its secrets were due to the book that gave him a strange man he had met in Boston. His remarks opened the season and began a real witch hunt. Salem

and seemed transformed the once peaceful community that old hatreds surfaced quickly resulted in complaints and accusations. For example, Anne Putman and her mother accused an elderly woman living alone and away from the town, while another woman, who refused to attend religious functions, was accused by her neighbor had poisoned the water of the trough where they drank their oxen. Over one hundred and fifty people were arrested and imprisoned and, in early May 1693 began to conduct trials. The judges themselves were tainted by religious hysteria of the Salem community, frantically demanding sentences to suspected witches. Up to a total of thirteen women, who simply live a life different from their neighbors or have dealt with them on occasion, died on the gallows from 10 June to 22 September 1693.


But they were also victims of ignorance and fanaticism, men like the Rev. George Burroughs, the forerunner of Parris in the parish, the chief accused of being witches and hanged on August 19, 1693. Also identified a sea captain named John Alden as responsible for the famous book that said possession Tituba. With him were five other people hanged in Salem. Another old man, who refused to testify, was stoned. Tituba was saved by the mere fact of becoming an informer on his neighbors, but after the executions was sold by Parris.

Years later, jurors asked for forgiveness after signing a public confession in which they declared to have acted forced by circumstances. For its part, the state governor pardoned the suspects who were still in prison and executed exonerated of charges that had led to the conviction. But, what resulted the girls' strange behavior? Do poisoning caused by ingestion of a toxin that contaminates rye and can cause hallucinations?.


Sources: María Pilar Queralt
iron Passionate Women's Lives . 2010 The Sphere Books Ltd.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicios_de_Salem
http://funversion.universia.es/curiosidades/xfiles/brujas.jsp

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MICAELA CATALINA DE AUSTRIA (II and last)

by Pantoja de La Cruz

Arriving Savoy Catherine wrote her first letter to his father, in which he announced that the crossing was fast and secure and apologizes for the incident of the pearls, to which Philip replied apologetically. In his eleven years of life at the court of Turin until his death, received more than hundred and thirty-three letters from his father. Dazzled by the beauty of Italy, is set to describe his English relatives and mountain landscapes of Piedmont. Lured by the snowy peaks of the Alps like a magnet, far from merely contemplate, decide to scale them, becoming a sort of "protoalpinista."

Meanwhile, the Duke, hardworking and ambitious, enriches your hometown court, making it a true European capital. Carlos Manuel was very attracted by Turin and spent much effort and money to this city, which gave a magnificent Baroque air according to the triumph of the Catholic Counter Reformation in their states. His two passions were two buildings architectural outside Turin: Miraflores Palace - famous for its splendid gardens and favorite residence of the Duchess, which she supervises renovation work directly-and Vico's Basilica, designed by the famous architect Vitozzi Rome.

To distract his wife organizes parties and plays, and introduces talented artists, creators would soon enjoy sponsorship of the ducal family. While Catalina feels liberated from certain bonds of the court, his new subjects appear to be influenced by changes imposed by the English traditions of the courtiers who have accompanied Savoy. Their rigid principles influence the women of the nobility of Turin, both in regard to personal "style" as in the decoration of their property.

Catherine becomes pregnant almost immediately after the wedding, so you must put a stop to your walks. The birth of her first child in April 1586, goes crazy with joy to Philip II: "... I'm alegrísimo of this and also To be born and you have given me the first grandchild I've had, but in exchange you that ye very good, very patiently took out granddaughter ... but you still good, as I hope, very well is to be grandson .... " And this grandson would be the first of ten children born to the couple relentlessly ducal. The English monarch will be aware of everything, giving advice to Catherine as she gave birth lying on the bed instead of sitting in a special chair for delivery - horseshoe-shaped chair on which sat a woman on the verge of giving light-and the best time to wean. Felipe will be a very attentive grandfather everything about the growth of their grandchildren.

Possible portrait of Catalina Micaela by Sofonisba Anguissola

The Duchess was warned by his father what was his role in the court of Turin: always check your husband to faithfully follow the King's policy in Italy. Felipe put beside a man of extreme confidence, Baron Sfondrato, with the rank of chief steward. In principle, should take care of your health and home expenses, but also to remind the duchess the outlines of Philippine politics. A vigilance task, and even espionage, which could not have pleased the Duke, with the ensuing conflict. Catalina then also had to intervene: avenir her husband with the representative of his father. Is right in that no easy task, with great satisfaction Felipe.

However, nothing gets Catalina as to prevent the series of military adventures that gets the duke, with the subsequent criticisms of the king in his letters to his daughter: "... I never thought the Duke would take a decision so big without me first hand della .... " The monarch hoped to appease the Duchess to her husband, but it was not easy to control the duke, always so bellicose, and their vagaries of fortune, who, looking for the win, did not hesitate to make concessions in matters of religion. Became increasingly clear that Catalina Micaela was unable to fulfill the mission assigned to him and his influence on the "autonomous" Duke was invalid. Both the Duke as she acted in Rome abusing the trust regia and against the instructions given there was Felipe. King complains to his daughter: "I tell you that the Duke and at home you use my authority Rome without my order and even against with my ministers. I do not want to believe and less than you ... If something has been, amend it so that no more ... oya me. "

While Duke is in the front, Catherine is responsible for the administration of the duchy, the president of the courts and the conduct of ministers. The duchess came to give evidence of political talent and capacity for public affairs. On December 7, 1597 will die to give birth to a girl, not survive. He left her ten young children motherless. The penalty for the permanent absence of this young woman of thirty, beautiful, intelligent, lively and full of vitality, it will be so devastating to her father to her husband. Carlos Manuel, broken pain, will retire from the world for three months.

Felipe II received the news of the death of his daughter with desolation. Is enclosed with Isabel Clara Eugenia and the crown prince in his chamber for three hours. Then orders that funeral mass in the chapel of El Escorial. The ceremony will be presided by the Prince of Asturias, will follow the princess and the king from the king's bedchamber. One of his contemporaries described the condition in which the king was the disappearance of Catalina Micaela "I cut off half of what remained of life or death of children or women, or loss of armed or felt anything like this, nor had never seen before complaining. " kingdom All theaters closed in mourning. As luck would have in 1870, a direct descendant of his, Amadeo I of Savoy, occupy the throne of Spain for election of the Parliament.

Sources:
Catherine of Habsburg, The Austrias. The Sphere Books Ltd. 2006
Manuel Fernandez Alvarez, Felipe II and his time. Editorial Espasa Calpe SA 2006
Juan Balansó, The jewelry exported. Plaza & Janes Editores SA 1999
http://books.google.es/books?id=h9x8AamdWAgC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=palacio+de+miraflores, + turin & source = bl & ots = c2j5j0zsxV & sig = JtRE_31x1lPJjV3C7gyRaIFZkbI & hl = en & ei = Bd1eTezxD9S0hAeu86WcDQ & sa = X & oi = book_result & ct = result & resnum = 5 & ved = 0CDYQ6AEwBA # v = onepage & q & f = false

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MICAELA CATALINA DE AUSTRIA (I)

Catalina Micaela of Austria Sofonisba Anguissola

born in 1567 in the Alcazar of Madrid another princess called Catherine , by his grandmother Queen Catherine of Medicis, and Micaela, his mother's devotion to the archangel who served this time of celestial intermediary. The king had remained with his wife during the birth process, but this time expressed his disappointment that it was another girl. This time not even stay for the christening and went to Aranjuez. Not suspected at this time the new Infanta would be one of the apple of his eye. The two daughters of Philip II and Elizabeth of Valois grew up together and were always best friends in the world. The death of the queen, a year after the birth of her second child, giving birth to a third - that just-left orphaned encouraged mother to infant, the care of his father, who drank the wind for them.

Two years later, Philip remarried to the Archduchess Anna of Austria, which would give several children but only one survived, the future Felipe III. The two girls were in her stepmother to a dear friend who loved and were loved dearly. The last ten years the king's marriage with the kindly Ana will be the most beautiful child of Catalina. And when the queen dies way of Portugal, the two princesses will be a great comfort to her father.

Isabel Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela by Sanchez Coello

In 1583 the Savoy ambassador showed up one day at El Escorial with an urgent message for the king. His master, Duke Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, called the hand of Princess Catalina. That afternoon, while the king is with his daughters, whom he calls "the light of my eyes " , excited, but downplaying, passes the duke's letter to Catherine, saying " Read this letter. " Infanta, curious to know the author, opens the envelope and, to see the signature of the Duke of Savoy, the returns quickly. Flushed, turn your face to see that nobody has to mourn. That same night, to make public the news of the engagement of her youngest daughter, Felipe offers a feast to celebrate the event. Catherine is said to have said little that night.

On March 10, 1585, the Duke of Savoy with his bodyguard set foot in the city of Zaragoza, where he has his marriage to Princess Catherine. The king presented to his future son to greet you on behalf of the villa. Next to each other, riding two magnificent horses, make their entry into the citadel. The next morning, at ten pm in a ceremony at the cathedral by Cardinal Granvelle and other dignitaries of the Church, the duke and the princess exchange their vows. Many people have traveled miles to see the daughter of their king so much that "The roof almost fell from the weight of the people."

Carlos Manuel I of Savoy

The falconers of the sovereign, green with gray sleeves, carrying birds of prey in their arms, receive the guests. In the black bib Felipe highlights the Golden Fleece is followed by ambassadors and grandees in the habit of cutting, the bourgeoisie and the judges in scarlet. The arrival of the couple raised a murmur of admiration. The Infanta Catalina takes a huge cherry dress embroidered with gold and precious stones, pearls inherited from her mother serve as outstanding. The Duke is wearing a yellow robe embroidered with pearls and diamonds as buttons. The feast lasts until ten at night. Then the young wife will retire to his chamber and the door be postmarked by the Duke bit later. The next day there was silence throughout the palace all day until evening and, later, it started raining.

rained for several days, which did not stop organizing hunts and dances to celebrate the event. The young couple lived in a whirlwind of celebrations, as the tournament hosted by the Duke of Medina, which ended around two in the morning. Later that month, in the great hall of the Council reserved for ambassadors and dignitaries, gave the Golden Fleece to the Duke of Savoy before the whole court.

April 2 the procession heads to Barcelona. The rain keeps falling, like, little by little, will the disease on the train. The Duke of Savoy falls into bed, then the Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia suffered a severe attack of fever, vomiting and Prince Philip, the king, a crisis exacerbated by the humidity drop. Pandemic similar to the decision to go in Barcelona without following the usual protocol. But the people and the dignitaries of Barcelona considered the move as an affront.

On June 13, 1585 the fleet was preparing to cast off. The port is barely enough to accommodate ships of Admiral Doria, which protect the Dukes of Savoy during the long journey, are such that some have had to anchor offshore. Catherine King offers a tray full of pearls that she refuses, choosing only three and said that these were sufficient for a duchess, she was reproaching, and it hurt, the parental decision. The boat captain the time has come to say goodbye. In the cabin, Isabel Clara Eugenia and King contain his excitement. Suddenly, Catherine suffered a dizzy spell. A force more powerful than his pride dominates and clings desperately to her older sister, and finally ends up throwing herself into the arms of his father while he burst into tears.

Felipe II

When separated from Catherine, the King did not get the words out - "the Duke of you or I could not say goodbye as I would not say some things I thought" - so went to the tower of a nearby church to see last away the galley to that daughter had wanted so much to Italy. Discouraged check that nothing is: "looked heavy weather, but you were not already in the Gulf." So he set out to write their innermost thoughts in a letter sent to an email, along with another of Isabel Clara Eugenia, ordering it reached the galley of the Infanta in Roses: "by much leave me alone with that much care has gone you know how after that he embarked ...." To his dismay, the mail could not reach to the galley and brought back the letters.


Sources:
Catherine of Habsburg, The Austrias. The Sphere Books Ltd. 2006
Juan Balansó, The jewelry exported. Plaza & Janes Editores SA 1999
Geoffrey Parker, Philip II . Editorial Planeta SA 2010

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CAMILA O 'GORMAN

starred Camila O'Gorman a tragic love story set in Argentina during the first half of the nineteenth century. Love with her parish priest, fled with him to take refuge in the province of Corrientes. She was sentenced to death and shot while pregnant. His execution was an international scandal that contributed to the political downfall of Juan Manuel de Rosas. This girl, she was only twenty when she was murdered, was born in Buenos Aires and belonged to an upper class family composed of father, ex-Irish origin, the mother, Buenos Aires of ancient lineage, and six children, among them Camila distinguished.

said that she was "very beautiful face and body, very light, funny and clever as he played the piano and sang enraptured to hear that. " had a great personality, perhaps inherited from his famous and beautiful grandmother Anita Perichon, lover of the viceroy Liniers. Like most women of that era, Camila was very devout. I went to church regularly and was very fond of the new priest's sermons. Sometimes he went to visit his home. Slowly became friends and began to meet on trips around Palermo.


He Ladislao Gutierrez, described as "A young, curly black hair, dark complexion and look alive, mild-mannered and a nice set" "wise and full of skills," had arrived a few years earlier from Tucumán to pursue a career in Buenos Church Aires. Ordained priest at twenty-four, was appointed pastor at the church of Socorro. Soon he noticed the tall girl, with brown hair and expressive dark eyes, elegant and graceful gait. He did not wait long for it to be present: the sister of Edward O'Gorman, priestly running mate. Camila

began to feel something completely new and unknown. Increased talks and walks. She had many questions about religion and he was clear, although theirs were growing as the days passed. When they found it impossible to ignore to themselves that they wanted, he reassured convincing them that this was not a crime. Recognized have been wrong to follow the priesthood, but felt that, given the circumstances, their votes were invalid. And if society did not allow the wife to the world, would make his own before God.

Camila
be persuaded. I could not imagine life without him, but neither was willing to be "the mistress of cure. "began to conceive the idea of \u200b\u200bescape from Buenos Aires and change of identity to live married before God and men. They were gradually shaping the plan, would take some clothes, which could gather silver and two horses . They would go to Lujan of Santa Fe there would a final destination, if all was well, it would be Rio de Janeiro. By moving to Santa Fe pretend to have lost passports and other false names would ask. On December 12, 1847 was the day chosen for the flight. When you get to Lujan, in a booth that had provided the waiter and under the glittering night of stars, the fans had their moment of happiness.

After ten days, the father the girl reported the incident to the Governor Rosas "the most egregious act and never heard in the country," Medrano while the bishop asked the governor to " anywhere you find them these miserable, wretched, miserable, are apprehended and brought to that proceeding in justice, be reprimanded for such an enormous and scandalous proceedings. "


Luck seemed to smile at love. And in Paraná, in February 1848, obtained a passport in the name of Maximus Brandy merchant, born in Jujuy, and his wife, Valentina Desan. In reaching its new identity Goya could take a break and prepare for the final stage: Brazil. Meanwhile, to make a living opened a school for children, the first that existed in this small town. Four months could live in relative happiness, forgetting the persecution they were subjected. A priest, passing through the village, Gutierrez recognized and reported him. As the news Rosas gave orders that would lead to love in two separate cars to Holy Places, which was the most feared prison regime.

With growing anxiety, the lovers saw closed the doors of their prisons. Were cut off between them and the rest of the world. It is believed that Camilla wrote to the governor's daughter, Manuelita Rosas, because there is a second letter, dated August 9, Palermo, in which he says he interceded with his father and recommends strength. Camila said frankly that the story of her affair with Gutierrez dating back much earlier date for his flight, he had no vocation and his marriage had been before God. That he had made vows to heart and, therefore, was false and was not a priest. That the intention of the two was going to Rio de Janeiro, but they had not been effected by lack of resources. Said they were not repentant, but "satisfied in the eyes of Providence" and not considered criminal behavior "to be its conscience."


Gutierrez also had exposure and both were taken by a click to the governor. Almost dawn when he awoke to all the thunder of horses' hooves, shouting and violent blows to the gate. So was the governor's men had announced their arrival. Rosas ordered the immediate execution of prisoners without giving effect to any appeal or defense. Gave them only a few moments to confess and prepare to die. Marcelino Reyes was then decided to send an urgent release announcing the pregnancy status of the girl, endorsed by the prison doctor. At the same time sent a letter to Manuelita explaining the urgency of the situation. Horses came bursting click to Palermo and delivered the dispatches to the officer on duty. But the letter never reached Manuelita. The governor could not accept that there is a living testimony of disobedience, a child who had represented for many the triumph of love over the established order.

On the morning of August 18, 1848, sat each on a chair by four men charged through two long sticks. Like all prisoners, blindfolded and escorted by the band of the battalion, were taken to the courtyard surrounded by walls. Under the scarf, eyes Camila Two-wire bypassed tears, despite the self-control expressed in an unchanging face, could not avoid. While the soldiers tied them to the bench nervously, Camila and Gutierrez could talk and say goodbye, until the latter started to shout "Asesínenme to me without trial, but not her, and in this miserable state .. .! ".


His words were silenced by Captain Gordon, who commanded step drums and made the sign of fire. Four bullets ended his life. Then we heard three volleys and Camilla, wounded, stirred violently. His body fell off the bench and a hand was pointing to the sky. "... in the vicinity was the terror of his cry excruciating, painful and heartbreaking ...". This love story of innocent victims of political interests would eventually become the most unforgivable incident of the government of Rosas.

Camila's remains rest in the Recoleta Cemetery in the vault of O'Gorman. His story was brought to the screen twice. The first movie was filmed in 1910 and is entitled "Camila O'Gorman" and the second in 1984, "Camila" directed by Maria Luisa Bemberg. She was nominated for an Oscar for best foreign film.

Sources:
http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=674022
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_O 'Gorman